The article adopts an interdisciplinary approach to reflecting the challenges of immunization against COVID-19: it reveals both medical and legal concerns that accompany the current vaccination model in Russia and characterize this model as unbalanced. On the one hand, the authors underline the advantages of vaccination as opposed to alternative means to address the current pandemic. On the other hand, they stipulate the risks associated primarily with the high level of uncertainty of both medical and legal parameters of the vaccination scheme adopted in Russia. The authors consequently analyze a number of medical findings on efficacy and security of the existing vaccines and conduct the proportionality test of current legal regulation that guides vaccination against COVID-19 in Russia. The article concludes with an observation that a well-balanced model of regulation should be based on high-quality research findings and be accompanied by the willingness of the state to carry out a consistent information campaign and take on the responsibility for negative side-effects experienced by some citizens who have gone through vaccination.